Table 3. Difference between pre- and during the COVID-19 pandemic by the ratio of ORs on cataract or glaucoma or macular degeneration, weighted % (95% CI), in the data obtained from the KNHANES.

Variables Cataract Glaucoma Macular degeneration
2020 versus 2019 (reference) 2021 versus 2020 (reference) 2020 versus 2019 (reference) 2021 versus 2020 (reference) 2020 versus 2019 (reference) 2021 versus 2020 (reference)
wOR (95% CI)a wOR (95% CI)b wOR (95% CI)a wOR (95% CI)b wOR (95% CI)a wOR (95% CI)b
Age
20-39 years N/A N/A 0.27 (0.03 to 2.96) N/A 0.75 (0.07 to 7.97) 0.31 (0.02 to 5.20)
40-59 years 1.12 (0.66 to 1.90) 0.76 (0.43 to 1.37) 1.73 (0.77 to 3.91) 0.70 (0.32 to 1.53) 0.74 (0.07 to 7.94) 0.31 (0.02 to 5.18)
≥60 years 0.93 (0.74 to 1.16) 1.01 (0.79 to 1.28) 0.85 (0.55 to 1.32) 1.77 (1.15 to 2.73) 0.95 (0.54 to 1.69) 0.97 (0.57 to 1.65)
Sex
Male 0.98 (0.71 to 1.34) 1.05 (0.75 to 1.48) 1.17 (0.69 to 2.00) 1.09 (0.63 to 1.87) 1.52 (0.78 to 2.98) 0.53 (0.27 to 1.04)
Female 1.00 (0.76 to 1.31) 0.99 (0.75 to 1.30) 1.07 (0.62 to 1.85) 1.50 (0.88 to 2.55) 0.81 (0.41 to 1.59) 0.93 (0.48 to 1.79)
Region of residence
Urban 1.02 (0.75 to 1.39) 1.00 (0.72 to 1.40) 0.87 (0.51 to 1.50) 1.22 (0.67 to 2.22) 1.17 (0.60 to 2.27) 0.46 (0.21 to 0.99)
Rural 0.97 (0.71 to 1.32) 1.02 (0.75 to 1.38) 1.48 (0.86 to 2.57) 1.33 (0.81 to 2.17) 1.02 (0.54 to 1.93) 1.00 (0.54 to 1.83)
Education background
High school or lower 1.03 (0.81 to 1.30) 0.89 (0.70 to 1.13) 1.09 (0.70 to 1.71) 1.24 (0.81 to 1.90) 1.11 (0.63 to 1.97) 0.80 (0.46 to 1.39)
College or higher 0.92 (0.59 to 1.42) 1.50 (0.95 to 2.36) 1.32 (0.64 to 2.73) 1.21 (0.55 to 2.68) 1.18 (0.53 to 2.67) 0.41 (0.16 to 1.08)
Economic level of family
Low 0.91 (0.71 to 1.18) 1.04 (0.79 to 1.36) 0.88 (0.53 to 1.47) 1.89 (1.17 to 3.07) 0.93 (0.49 to 1.75) 1.09 (0.57 to 2.07)
High 1.25 (0.88 to 1.77) 0.98 (0.70 to 1.37) 1.48 (0.82 to 2.64) 0.84 (0.42 to 1.68) 1.33 (0.68 to 2.61) 0.41 (0.19 to 0.87)
BMI groupc
Underweight to normal 1.09 (0.78 to 1.54) 0.97 (0.68 to 1.40) 1.22 (0.68 to 2.20) 1.40 (0.79 to 2.48) 1.10 (0.55 to 2.21) 0.51 (0.23 to 1.13)
wOR (95% CI)a wOR (95% CI)b wOR (95% CI)a wOR (95% CI)b wOR (95% CI)a wOR (95% CI)b
Overweight to obese 0.88 (0.68 to 1.15) 1.06 (0.81 to 1.39) 1.03 (0.63 to 1.68) 1.20 (0.73 to 1.96) 1.05 (0.57 to 1.93) 0.76 (0.40 to 1.43)
Smoking status
Non-smoker 0.91 (0.50 to 1.66) 0.74 (0.37 to 1.48) 1.10 (0.43 to 2.84) 1.16 (0.40 to 3.40) 1.15 (0.26 to 5.10) 0.68 (0.13 to 3.57)
Ex-smoker 0.92 (0.65 to 1.30) 1.19 (0.82 to 1.73) 1.26 (0.63 to 2.54) 1.15 (0.58 to 2.25) 1.57 (0.69 to 3.58) 0.35 (0.15 to 0.85)
Smoker 1.03 (0.78 to 1.35) 0.98 (0.74 to 1.30) 1.04 (0.62 to 1.76) 1.39 (0.83 to 2.35) 0.86 (0.46 to 1.61) 0.99 (0.54 to 1.83)
Alcohol consumption frequency 0.91 (0.50 to 1.66) 0.74 (0.37 to 1.48) 1.10 (0.43 to 2.84) 1.16 (0.40 to 3.40) 1.15 (0.26 to 5.10) 0.68 (0.13 to 3.57)
Non-drinker 1.06 (0.81 to 1.37) 0.96 (0.73 to 1.26) 1.11 (0.69 to 1.78) 1.13 (0.69 to 1.86) 1.04 (0.58 to 1.88) 0.77 (0.44 to1.35)
1–5days/ month 0.81 (0.52 to 1.26) 1.17 (0.75 to 1.82) 1.21 (0.50 to 2.90) 1.39 (0.61 to 3.14) 1.57 (0.59 to 4.17) 0.50 (0.19 to 1.31)
6-30 days/ month 0.93 (0.58 to 1.51) 1.03 (0.61 to 1.75) 1.00 (0.39 to 2.61) 1.68 (0.69 to 4.06) 0.67 (0.16 to 2.87) 0.82 (0.15 to 4.40)
CI, confidence interval; KNHANES, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; wOR, weighted odds ratio.
Derived using weighted logistic regression; this model included the KNHANES (2020 [COVID-19 pandemic] vs 2019 [reference]) as categorical variable
Derived using weighted logistic regression; this model included the KNHANES (2021 [COVID-19 pandemic] vs 2020 [reference]) as a categorical variable
BMI is divided into two groups: underweight to normal (<23.0 kg/m2) or underweight to obese (≥ 23.0 kg/m2).
Bolded data indicate significant differences in the regression model (p<0.05).